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New London, Connecticut

Coordinates: 41°21′20″N 72°05′58″W / 41.35556°N 72.09944°W / 41.35556; -72.09944
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For the county, see New London County, Connecticut.

New London
City
City of New London
New London skyline from Fort Griswold
New London skyline from Fort Griswold
Official seal of New London
Seal
Nickname: 
The Whaling City
Motto: 
Mare Liberum
New London's location within New London County and Connecticut
Map
Map
Map
Coordinates: 41°21′20″N 72°05′58″W / 41.35556°N 72.09944°W / 41.35556; -72.09944
CountryUnited States
U.S. stateConnecticut
CountyNew London
RegionSoutheastern CT
Settled1646 (Pequot Plantation)
Named1658 (New London)
Incorporated (city)1784
Named forLondon, England
Government
[1][2][needs update]
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorMichael E. Passero (D)
Area
[3]
 • City
10.60 sq mi (27.43 km2)
 • Land5.61 sq mi (14.52 km2)
 • Water4.98 sq mi (12.91 km2)
 • Urban
123.03 sq mi (318.66 km2)
Elevation
56 ft (17 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City
27,367
 • Density4,868/sq mi (1,879.6/km2)
 • Metro
274,055
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Code
06320
Area code(s)860/959
FIPS code09-52280
GNIS feature ID0209237
AirportGroton–New London Airport
Interstates
U.S. Highways
State Routes
Commuter rail
Websitenewlondonct.org

New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the outlet of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, which empties into Long Island Sound. The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region.

New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy, Connecticut College, Mitchell College, and The Williams School. The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to both the Coast Guard's cutter Coho and their tall ship Eagle. The city had a population of 27,367 at the 2020 census.[4] The Norwich–New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people.

History

[edit]
Fort Trumbull, originally built on this site in 1777. The present structure was built between 1839 and 1852.
New London in 1813
The Parade in 1883, with a railroad station built in 1864 at right (replaced by New London Union Station in 1887) and ferryboats in the river

Colonial era

[edit]

The area was called Nameaug by the Pequot Indians. John Winthrop, Jr. founded the first English settlement here in 1646, making it about the 13th town settled in Connecticut. Inhabitants referred to it informally as Nameaug or as Pequot after the tribe. In the 1650s, the colonists wanted to give the town the official name of London after London, England, but the Connecticut General Assembly wanted to name it Faire Harbour. The citizens protested, declaring that they would prefer it to be called Nameaug if it could not be officially named London.[5][6] The legislature relented, and the town was officially named New London on March 24, 1658.[6]: 119 

American Revolution

[edit]

The harbor was considered to be the best deep water harbor on Long Island Sound,[7] and consequently New London became a base of American naval operations during the American Revolutionary War and privateers where it has been said no port took more prizes than New London with between 400–800 being credited to New London privateers including the 1781 taking of supply ship Hannah, the largest prize taken during the war. Famous New Londoners during the American Revolution include Nathan Hale, William Coit, Richard Douglass, Thomas and Nathaniel Shaw, Gen. Samuel Parsons, printer Timothy Green, and Bishop Samuel Seabury.[citation needed]

New London was raided and much of it burned to the ground on September 6, 1781, in the Battle of Groton Heights by Norwich native Benedict Arnold in an attempt to destroy the Patriot privateer fleet and supplies of goods and naval stores within the city. It is often noted that this raid on New London and Groton was intended to divert General George Washington and the French Army under Rochambeau from their march on Yorktown, Virginia. The main defensive fort for New London was Fort Griswold, located across the Thames River in Groton. It was well known to Arnold, who had already informed the British of this so that they could avoid its artillery fire. British and Hessian troops subsequently attacked and captured New London's Fort Trumbull, while other forces moved in to attack Fort Griswold across the river, then held by Lieutenant-Colonel William Ledyard. The British suffered great casualties at Fort Griswold before the Americans were finally forced to surrender—whereupon Arnold's men stormed into the fort and slaughtered most of the American troops who defended it, including Ledyard. All told, more than 52 British and 83 American soldiers were killed, and more than 142 British and 39 Americans were wounded, many mortally. New London suffered over 6 defenders killed and 24 wounded, while Arnold's men suffered an equal amount.[8]

Connecticut's independent legislature made New London one of five cities simultaneously brought from de facto to formalized incorporations in its January session of 1784.[6]: 619 

19th century

[edit]

After the War of 1812 began, the Royal Navy established a blockade of the East Coast of the United States, including New London. During the war, American forces unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the British ship of the line HMS Ramillies while it was lying at anchor in New London's harbor with torpedoes launched from small boats. This prompted the captain of Ramillies, Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, to warn the Americans to cease using this "cruel and unheard-of warfare" or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed". The fact that Hardy had been previously so lenient and considerate to the Americans caused them to abandon such attempts with immediate effect.[9]

For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was one of the three busiest whaling ports in the world, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The New Haven and New London Railroad connected New London by rail to New Haven and points beyond by the 1850s. The Springfield and New London Railroad connected New London to Springfield, Massachusetts, by the 1870s.[citation needed]

Many distinctive structures built in the 19th century remain, but the First Church built in 1853 collapsed in January 2024.[10][11]

Military presence

[edit]
View of New London, 1930s

Several military installations have been part of New London's history, including the United States Coast Guard Academy and Coast Guard Station New London.[12] Most of these military installations have been located at Fort Trumbull. The first Fort Trumbull was an earthwork built 1775–1777 that took part in the Revolutionary War. The second Fort Trumbull was built 1839–1852 and still stands. During the Red Summer of 1919, there were a series of racial riots between white and black Navy men stationed in New London and Groton.[13][14][15]

By 1910, the fort's defensive function had been superseded by the new forts of the Endicott Program, primarily located on Fishers Island. The fort was given to the Revenue Cutter Service and became the Revenue Cutter Academy. The Revenue Cutter Service was merged into the United States Coast Guard in 1915, and the Academy relocated to its current site in 1932.

During World War II, the Merchant Marine Officers Training School was located at Fort Trumbull. From 1950 to 1990, Fort Trumbull was the location for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory, which developed sonar and related systems for US Navy submarines. In 1990, the Sound Laboratory was merged with the Naval Underwater Systems Center in Newport, Rhode Island, and the New London facility was closed in 1996.[16][17]

The Naval Submarine Base New London is physically located in Groton, but submarines were stationed in New London during World War II and from 1951 to 1991. The submarine tender Fulton and Submarine Squadron 10 were based at State Pier in New London during this time. Squadron Ten was usually composed of eight to ten submarines and was the first all-nuclear submarine squadron. In the summer of 1960, peace activists from around the country gathered in New London to protest the all-nuclear submarines being based there. Participants held daily vigils and marches, handed out leaflets and talked with workers. Unable to achieve their goals by the end of the summer, some activists stayed in Connecticut and established the New England Committee for Non-Violent Action.[18]

USS Fulton was decommissioned, after 50 years of service, in 1991 and Submarine Squadron 10 was disbanded at the same time. In the 1990s, State Pier was rebuilt as a container terminal.[citation needed]

Fort Trumbull

[edit]
Main article: Kelo v. City of New London
One of the few remaining houses in the Fort Trumbull neighborhood, June 10, 2007

The neighborhood of Fort Trumbull once consisted of nearly two-dozen homes, but they were seized by the City of New London using eminent domain. This measure was supported in a 5–4 ruling in the 2005 Supreme Court case Kelo v. City of New London, and the homes were ultimately demolished by the city as part of an economic development plan. The site was slated to be redeveloped under this plan, but the chosen developer was not able to get financing and the project failed. The empty landscape of the Fort Trumbull area has been widely characterized as an example of government overreach and inefficiency.[19][20][21][22]

Geography

[edit]
49% of New London's area is water.
A statue of Nathan Hale in Williams Park

In terms of land area, New London is one of the smallest cities in Connecticut. Of the whole 10.76 square miles (27.9 km2), nearly half is water; 5.54 square miles (14.3 km2) is land.[23]

The town and city of New London are coextensive. Sections of the original town were ceded to form newer towns between 1705 and 1801. The towns of Groton, Ledyard, Montville, and Waterford, and portions of Salem and East Lyme, now occupy what had earlier been the outlying area of New London.[24]

New London is bounded on the west and north by the town of Waterford on the east by the Thames River and Groton and on the south by Long Island Sound.

Principal communities

[edit]

Other minor communities and geographic features include Bates Woods Park, Fort Trumbull, Glenwood Park, Green's Harbor Beach, Mitchell's Woods, Pequot Colony, Riverside Park, Old Town Mill.[citation needed]

Towns created from New London

[edit]

New London originally had a larger land area when it was established. Towns set off since include:

Climate

[edit]

Using the Köppen climate classification New London has a warm temperate climate. This zone is defined as having a monthly mean temperature above 26.4 °F (−3 C) but below 64.4 °F (18 C) in the coldest month.

The city experiences long, hot and humid summers, and cool to cold winters with snowfall on occasion. The city averages 2,300 hours of sunshine annually (higher than the USA average). New London lies in the broad transition zone between continental climates to the north in New England and southern Canada, and the humid subtropical climates to the south along the lower East Coast.

From May to late September, the southerly flow from the Bermuda High creates hot and humid tropical weather conditions. Daytime heating produces occasional thunderstorms with heavy but brief downpours. Daytime highs in summer are normally near 80 °F, with occasional heat waves bringing high temperatures into the 90's °F. Spring and Fall are mild in New London, with daytime highs in the 55° to 70 °F range and lows in the 40° to 50 °F range. The seaside location of the city creates a long growing season compared to areas inland. The first frost in the New London area is normally not until late October or early November, almost three weeks later than parts of northern Connecticut. Winters are cool with a mix of rainfall and snowfall, or mixed precipitation. New London normally sees fewer than 25 days annually with snow cover. In mid-winter, there can be large differences in low temperatures between areas along the coastline and areas well inland, sometimes as much as 15 °F.

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the New London metropolitan area, although infrequently. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along the Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 (Carol), 1960 (Donna), 1985 (Gloria). Tropical Storm Irene (2011) also caused moderate damage along the Connecticut coast, as did Hurricane Sandy (which made landfall in New Jersey) in 2012.

Mature Magnolia grandiflora on the north side of Bank Street (intersection with Montauk Avenue) in New London, Connecticut.

The Connecticut shoreline (including New London) lies within the broad transition zone where so-called "subtropical indicator" plants and other broadleaf evergreens can successfully be cultivated. New London averages about 90 days annually with freeze, about the same as Baltimore, Maryland[citation needed]. As such, many varieties of Southern Magnolia, Needle Palms, Loblolly and Longleaf Pines, Crape Myrtles, Aucuba japonica, Camellia, trunking Yucca, hardy bananas, Monkey Puzzle, copious types of evergreen Hollies, many East Asian (non-holly) broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs, and certain varieties of figs may be grown in private and public gardens. The growing season is quite long in New London. Like much of coastal Connecticut and Long Island, NY, it averages close to 200 frost free days. The new 2023 USDA Garden Zone Map has New London in zone 7a. New London falls into the same garden zone as locations like Trenton, New Jersey, Wilmington, Delaware, or Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. By the mid-to-late 21st century, the area is expected to fall within USDA zone 8 according to some models.[25][26][27]

Climate data for New London (Groton) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–2021
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 69
(21) 		67
(19) 		78
(26) 		88
(31) 		91
(33) 		95
(35) 		101
(38) 		99
(37) 		93
(34) 		87
(31) 		79
(26) 		69
(21) 		101
(38)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.6
(13.7) 		55.8
(13.2) 		65.5
(18.6) 		73.6
(23.1) 		81.9
(27.7) 		88.0
(31.1) 		91.6
(33.1) 		88.7
(31.5) 		84.7
(29.3) 		76.5
(24.7) 		67.4
(19.7) 		60.0
(15.6) 		92.6
(33.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.8
(3.8) 		40.8
(4.9) 		47.3
(8.5) 		56.9
(13.8) 		66.4
(19.1) 		75.2
(24.0) 		80.8
(27.1) 		79.8
(26.6) 		73.6
(23.1) 		63.3
(17.4) 		53.2
(11.8) 		44.1
(6.7) 		60.0
(15.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.3
(−0.4) 		32.9
(0.5) 		39.5
(4.2) 		48.9
(9.4) 		58.1
(14.5) 		67.3
(19.6) 		73.4
(23.0) 		72.5
(22.5) 		65.8
(18.8) 		55.2
(12.9) 		45.5
(7.5) 		36.8
(2.7) 		52.3
(11.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.8
(−4.6) 		24.9
(−3.9) 		31.6
(−0.2) 		40.9
(4.9) 		49.9
(9.9) 		59.3
(15.2) 		65.9
(18.8) 		65.1
(18.4) 		58.0
(14.4) 		47.1
(8.4) 		37.9
(3.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		44.5
(6.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 4.1
(−15.5) 		6.9
(−13.9) 		14.7
(−9.6) 		29.0
(−1.7) 		38.1
(3.4) 		46.8
(8.2) 		56.0
(13.3) 		54.2
(12.3) 		43.6
(6.4) 		32.2
(0.1) 		26.6
(−3.0) 		14.2
(−9.9) 		1.5
(−16.9)
Record low °F (°C) −14
(−26) 		−12
(−24) 		0
(−18) 		14
(−10) 		30
(−1) 		38
(3) 		47
(8) 		41
(5) 		29
(−2) 		22
(−6) 		8
(−13) 		−10
(−23) 		−14
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.91
(99) 		3.42
(87) 		4.92
(125) 		4.40
(112) 		3.67
(93) 		3.93
(100) 		3.42
(87) 		4.19
(106) 		4.29
(109) 		4.42
(112) 		3.75
(95) 		4.59
(117) 		48.91
(1,242)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 5.8
(15) 		8.3
(21) 		3.9
(9.9) 		0.8
(2.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(1.3) 		5.2
(13) 		24.5
(62)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.4 9.7 11.5 11.6 11.9 9.5 9.7 9.3 10.2 10.4 10.0 12.4 127.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.1 2.7 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 9.9
Source: NOAA[28][29]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18005,150—
18103,238−37.1%
18203,3302.8%
18304,33530.2%
18405,51927.3%
18508,99162.9%
186010,11512.5%
18709,576−5.3%
188010,53710.0%
189013,75730.6%
190017,54827.6%
191019,65912.0%
192025,68830.7%
193029,64015.4%
194030,4562.8%
195030,5510.3%
196034,18211.9%
197031,630−7.5%
198028,842−8.8%
199028,540−1.0%
200025,671−10.1%
201027,6207.6%
202027,367−0.9%
U.S. Decennial Census

Demographics

[edit]
See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income

Recent estimates on demographics and economic status

[edit]

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, non-Hispanic whites made up 54.6% of New London's population. Non-Hispanic blacks made up 14.0% of the population. Asians of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.6% of the city's population. Multiracial individuals of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.3% of the population; people of mixed black and white ancestry made up 1.7% of the population. In addition, people of mixed black and Native American ancestry made up 1.0% of the population. People of mixed white and Native American ancestry made up 0.7% of the population; those of mixed white and Asian ancestry made up 0.4% of the populace. Hispanics and Latinos made up 21.9% of the population, of which 13.8% were Puerto Rican.[30]

The top five largest European ancestral ethnicities were Italian (10.5%), Irish (9.7%), German (7.4%), English (6.8%), and Polish (5.0%)

According to the survey, 74.4% of people over the age of 5 spoke only English at home. Approximately 16.0% of the population spoke Spanish at home.[31]

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census[32][33] of 2020, there were 27,374 people and 11,125 households. The population density was 4,868.7 per square mile (1,879.8/km2). There were 12,119 housing units at an average density of 2,156.4 per square mile (832.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 56.2% White, 29.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 17.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 16.7% from other races, and 10.8% from two or more races.

There were 11,125 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 34.1% had a female householder with no partner present, and 27.8% had a male householder with no partner present. 14.7% of households had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.84.[34]

In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.5% under the age of 18, 19.4% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males.[35]

The median income for a household in the city was $56,237, and the median income for a family was $65,357.[36] About 21.5% of the population was below the poverty line, including 36.4% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.[37]

Economy

[edit]

New London was one of the world's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, but had gradually lost most of its industrial heart. The State Pier (south of the Gold Star Memorial Bridge) is being converted to support some of the offshore wind power in the United States.[38][39]

Arts and culture

[edit]
Monte Cristo Cottage in New London, CT
Monte Cristo Cottage, boyhood home of Eugene O'Neill

Eugene O'Neill

[edit]

Nobel laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) lived in New London and wrote several plays in the city. An O'Neill archive is located at Connecticut College, and the family home, Monte Cristo Cottage,[40] is a museum and national historic landmark operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center.

Music

[edit]

Notable artists and ensembles include:

Literature

[edit]

In her Scenes in My Native Land, 1845, Lydia Sigourney includes the poem Sunrise at New London with descriptive passages relating to the district. [41]

Sites of interest

[edit]
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut
The Garde Arts Center in 2013
Lyman Allyn Art Museum, designed by Charles A. Platt

Government

[edit]
Municipal Building on State Street in New London (2013)

In 2010, New London changed their form of government from council-manager to strong mayor-council after a charter revision.[53] Distinct town and city government structures formerly existed and technically continue; however, they now govern exactly the same territory and have elections on the same ballot on Election Day in November.[citation needed]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
New London Union Station, designed by H.H. Richardson

Bus service includes regional Southeast Area Transit buses, Estuary Transit District buses, and interstate Greyhound Lines buses. Interstate 95 passes through New London.

New London Union Station is served by Amtrak's Northeast Regional rail service, and Shore Line East commuter rail service. The Providence and Worcester Railroad and New England Central Railroad handle freight.

Ferries include Cross Sound Ferry to Long Island, Fishers Island, and Block Island. New London is also visited by cruise ships.[54]

The Groton-New London Airport, a general aviation facility, is located in Groton. Scheduled commercial flights are available at T. F. Green Airport and Tweed New Haven Regional Airport.

Notable people

[edit]
A. J. Dillon
Nathan Hale
John McCain
Eugene O'Neill

Mayors of New London

[edit]

Notable mayors include:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Office of the Mayor". newlondonct.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  2. ^ "City Council". newlondonct.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  3. ^ "2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  4. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: New London town, New London County, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  5. ^ Marrin, Richard B. (January 1, 2007). Abstracts from the New London Gazette Covering Southeastern Connecticut, 1763-1769. Heritage Books. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-7884-4171-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Caulkins, Frances Manwaring; Griswold, Cecelia (1895). History of New London, Connecticut, from the first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1860. New London, CT: H. D. Utley. LCCN rc01003277 – via Library of Congress. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "New London" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–516.
  8. ^ "The Battle of Groton Heights & Burning of New London". Battleofgrotonheights.com. August 31, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  9. ^ Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 692. OCLC 1045378323.
  10. ^ Jacobs, Kenneth Franklin (2005). Leopold Eidlitz: Becoming an American architect. University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons (Thesis). pp. 153–155. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  11. ^ Gendreau, LeAnne; Fortuna, Angela (January 26, 2024). "Historic New London church to be completely demolished after steeple collapse". NBC Connecticut. NBC. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  12. ^ Coast Guard Station New London official web page
  13. ^ Rucker & Upton 2007, p. 554.
  14. ^ The Greeneville Daily Sun 1919, p. 1.
  15. ^ Voogd 2008, p. 95.
  16. ^ The History of Fort Trumbull by John Duchesneau
  17. ^ Fort Trumbull History Site
  18. ^ "History of the Property". THE VOLUNTOWN PEACE TRUST. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  19. ^ Jacoby, Jeff (March 12, 2014). "Eminent disaster: Homeowners in Connecticut town were dispossessed for nothing". The Boston Globe.
  20. ^ Allen, Charlotte (February 10, 2014). "'Kelo' Revisited". Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  21. ^ Somin, Ilya (May 29, 2015). "The story behind Kelo v. City of New London – how an obscure takings case got to the Supreme Court and shocked the nation". The Washington Post.
  22. ^ Downey, Kirstin (May 22, 2005). "Nation & World | Supreme Court ruling due on use of eminent domain". Seattle Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  23. ^ "New London County, Connecticut – County Subdivision and Place". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  24. ^ "Connecticut Towns in the Order of their Establishment". www.sots.ct.gov. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008.
  25. ^ "Redrawing the Map: How the World's Climate Zones Are Shifting".
  26. ^ Parker, Lauren E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (2016). "Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (3): 034001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001. S2CID 51886166.
  27. ^ Parker, Lauren E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (2016). "Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (3): 034001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001.
  28. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  29. ^ "Station: Groton, CT". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  30. ^ "New London city, Connecticut – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  31. ^ "New London city, Connecticut – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  32. ^ "New London city, Connecticut Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  33. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts for New London city, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  34. ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States for New London city, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  35. ^ "Age and Sex for New London city, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  36. ^ "Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2022 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) for New London city, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  37. ^ "Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months for New London city, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  38. ^ Memija, Adnan (March 6, 2023). "New London State Pier Terminal Getting Ready for South Fork Wind Project". Offshore Wind.
  39. ^ "New London Terminal Overview". Gateway Terminal.
  40. ^ "Monte Cristo Cottage". theoneill.com.
  41. ^ Sigourney, Lydia (1845). "Scenes in My Native Land". Thurston, Torry & Co.
  42. ^ Ocean Beach Park
  43. ^ New London Historical Society
  44. ^ New London Maritime Society
  45. ^ Fishers Island
  46. ^ Flock Theatre
  47. ^ Garde Arts Center
  48. ^ Hygienic Arts
  49. ^ Joshua Hempsted House Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Connecticut Landmarks
  50. ^ Eugene O'Neill Theater Center
  51. ^ Morrison, Betty Urban (1985). The Church on the Hill: A history of the Second Congregational Church, New London, Connecticut 1835-1985. New London, Connecticut: Second Congregational Church. p. 17.
  52. ^ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (1984). H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works. MIT Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-262-65015-1. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  53. ^ "New Face Stirs Up Historic New London Election". tribunedigital-thecourant. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  54. ^ Howard, Lee (September 7, 2013). "Cruise ships returning to New London". The Day. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  55. ^ "Gen. J. M. Bell Is Dead". Los Angeles Evening Express. Los Angeles, CA. September 17, 1919. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "Mrs. John H. K. Davis". Hartford Courant. Hartford, CT. December 28, 1917. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ Bio, Linda Jaivin's web site
  58. ^ McHardie, Allan, Elizabeth, Andrew (1885). The Prodigal Continent and her Prodigal Son. London: Morgan & Scott.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ "Joseph & Signe Stuart Papers". South Dakota State University Archives and Special Collections.
  60. ^ "Wait, John Turner". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  61. ^ Keefe, Gavin (March 20, 2015). "Wheeler on Dunn: New London basketball legend talks about legend-to-be". The New London Day. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  62. ^ Griswold, Wick (2012). A History of the Connecticut River. The History Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1609494056. Retrieved April 13, 2016.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to New London, Connecticut.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for New London, Connecticut.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "New London, Ct.".
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